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Browsing Presentations by Author "Carl E. Pray"

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    The Determinants of Private Agricultural R&D: Evidence from India
    (2023) Anwar Naseem; Latha Nagarajan; Carl E. Pray
    Over the past three decades, India's agricultural input industries have undergone significant changes. Private agribusiness R&D has experienced substantial growth, with the state-owned firms from the Green Revolution era either stagnating or declining. Indian corporations, once protected from foreign competition, are now exporting agricultural tractors and pesticides, while foreign multinational corporations are increasing their presence in the seed, pesticide, and machinery sectors. This transformation has been driven by factors such as strong demand for inputs, changes in policy, and advancements in technology. This paper empirically examines government policies, technology, institutions, and R&D investments contributing to this transformation. It explores the dynamic relationship between public and private research, the impact of public sector research on the private sector, and the effects of various exogenous factors on private R&D in India's agricultural input industry.
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    The Role of Multinational Corporations in the Supply of Agricultural Production Technology to China & India
    (2018) Carl E. Pray; Latha Nagarajan; Anwar Naseem
    Policy makers in Asia have long struggled with the challenge of how to access agricultural technology from multinational corporations (MNCs)while protecting their farmers and food and input industries from excess market power. This paper describes the pathways by which farmers can access technology and research capacity from foreign firms. Then it examines some of the policies that India and Chinese governments have used to encourage access. The recent history of research and technology transfer to these countries is reviewed to do a preliminary assessment of how these policies work. India has had a much more liberal policy on foreign investment in recent years which resulted in more access to MNC research and technology. So far, however, there are no studies that show this policy led to higher benefits to farmers or lower costs of transferring technology. Studies of benefits and costs of these policies could be very useful to Indian and Chinese policy makers.