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- ItemEffects of Nutrient Antagonism and Synergism on Yield and Fertilizer Use Efficiency(2017-09-22) René P. J. J. Rietra; Marius Heinen; Christian O. Dimkpa; Bindraban, Prem S.Interaction among plant nutrients can yield antagonistic or synergistic outcomesthat influence nutrient use efficiency. To provide insight on this phenomenon,peer-reviewed articles were selected that quantified the interaction effects ofnutrients on crop yield levels. In total 94 articles were selected that described 117interactions between all macro- and micronutrients for different agriculturalcrops. In 43 cases the interaction was synergistic, in 17 cases the interactionwas antagonistic, and in 35 cases the interaction was zero-interaction; the other23 cases were non-significant (16) or showed a negative response (7). Generally:(a) when the availability of two nutrients is characterized as deficient, a largeincrease in yield can be expected by diminishing these deficiencies: (b) for mostmacronutrients the mutual interactions on yield levels are synergistic; and (c)antagonistic effects on yield are often found for divalent cations. Knowledge ofnutrient interactions can guide fertilizerdesign and optimization of fertilizationstrategies for high yields and high nutrient use efficiencies.