Niger, an underdeveloped, landlocked country with a predominantly rural population, faces significant agricultural challenges. Agriculture accounts for a substantial portion of its GDP, yet it struggles to meet the food needs of its growing population. The country's low soil fertility, limited fertilizer use, and drought-prone environment further compound these challenges. This report discusses the efforts to address these issues, particularly the reform of the fertilizer sector. It outlines various projects and programs, including PARSEN, ISSD-SAHEL, 2SCALE, and RRVCDP, which aim to enhance agricultural productivity, improve the seed sector, and promote sustainable agricultural practices. The report highlights the positive impact of targeted fertilizer subsidies on agricultural production, food security, and poverty reduction, underscoring the importance of public-private partnerships in achieving these goals.